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- <text id=90TT0111>
- <title>
- Jan. 15, 1990: Breaking Up Is Hard To Stop
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
- Jan. 15, 1990 Antarctica
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- WORLD, Page 37
- SOVIET UNION
- Breaking Up Is Hard to Stop
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>Violence in the south and separatism in the north make
- nationalism Gorbachev's most pressing problem
- </p>
- <p> Activists of the Azerbaijan Popular Front in Nakhichevan,
- a region bordering Iran, made no secret of their preparations
- for an incendiary New Year's Eve. They stockpiled axes, shovels
- and wire cutters, assembled trucks and buses, and held rallies
- demanding the dismantling of frontier barriers that separate
- them from Azerbaijanis living in Iran. On the last day of 1989
- they struck. A mob of some 7,500 tore up boundary markers and
- pulled down border posts and watchtowers. Similar attacks over
- the next two days spread along 500 miles of the border,
- crippling the communications network in a string of towns from
- Zangelan to the Lenkoran region on the Caspian Sea. Thousands
- of Soviet Azerbaijanis gathered on the banks of the Araks
- River, the natural divide between the Soviet Union and Iran,
- set up loudspeakers and urged their Iranian kinsmen to join in
- a crusade for a unified homeland.
- </p>
- <p> This latest sign of fragmentation in Mikhail Gorbachev's
- multi-ethnic empire comes just as he is trying to defuse the
- growing threat of secession by the three Baltic republics.
- Lithuania's Communist Party has already declared its
- independence from Moscow headquarters, and the Estonian and
- Latvian organizations are considering similar moves toward
- local autonomy. Gorbachev plans to visit the area this week in
- search of compromise. Now he must look southward as well, to
- festering nationality problems in Azerbaijan--and the
- long-feared spread of Islamic fundamentalism from Iran into the
- six predominantly Muslim republics of the U.S.S.R.
- </p>
- <p> Battled over for centuries by Arabs, Turks, Mongols,
- Russians and Persians, Azerbaijan was divided by treaties in
- 1813 and 1828. Today about 6.7 million ethnic Azerbaijanis, who
- share a Turkic language and the Shi`ite Muslim religion, live
- on the Soviet side of the line and about 4 million in the
- adjoining Iranian province of Azerbaijan. Stalin, ever
- expansionist, coveted that part of Iran and moved troops into
- it during World War II. Before Western pressure forced him to
- withdraw, he encouraged Azerbaijani nationalism and rigged an
- "autonomous" local government in hopes the province would break
- away from Iran.
- </p>
- <p> Last week's eruption had been building for a month. Early
- in December demonstrators in Nakhichevan, an autonomous region
- separated from the rest of the republic by a strip of Armenian
- territory, formed a human chain along the Iranian border and
- called for the union of the two parts of Azerbaijan. Two weeks
- later the Popular Front sent an ultimatum to KGB troops
- guarding the frontier: if fences and barriers were not removed,
- the Front would tear them down on Dec. 31. KGB commanders made
- a few concessions--some crossing points were opened for those
- who had business or wished to visit cemeteries in Iran--but
- the threatened attacks were carried out anyway. Unable to quell
- the disorder, the party chief in Nakhichevan was forced to
- resign.
- </p>
- <p> Iran, which has been working to improve relations with
- Moscow since the death of Ayatullah Ruhollah Khomeini last
- year, seemed embarrassed by the turmoil. In fact, Khomeini's
- successor, Hashemi Rafsanjani, may have inadvertently fueled
- the rise of ethnic nationalism in Soviet Azerbaijan when he
- stopped off there last June after visiting Moscow. He told
- large crowds in Baku that bilateral agreements he had just
- signed would lead to increased tourism and trade between the two
- Azerbaijani regions.
- </p>
- <p> Azerbaijan is turning into a permanent crisis for Gorbachev.
- There have been two years of something approaching civil war
- over the republic's mostly Armenian enclave of
- Nagorno-Karabakh, where more than 120 people have been killed.
- In Baku, Azerbaijani gangs have systematically terrorized
- Armenians. Violence has also broken out in the southwestern
- city of Jalilabad, where two weeks ago mobs took over the local
- Communist Party headquarters and police station, and are
- threatening to elect their own leaders.
- </p>
- <p> Officials in Moscow conceded last week that the domestic
- pressures on Gorbachev have become so intense that he will
- devote the rest of January almost exclusively to them, cutting
- back on his normally hectic schedule of meetings with foreign
- visitors. Given the complexity of his problems at home,
- Gorbachev is likely to find Feb. 1 arriving sooner than he
- would like.
- </p>
- <p>By Bruce W. Nelan. Reported by Dean Fischer/Cairo and John
- Kohan/Moscow.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-